18th Century Furniture Piece Analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 897 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2018/12/27 Category Architecture Essay Type Assignment Level High school Did you like this example? The eighteenth century is represented by a variety of furniture styles. The eighteenth century represents the period of making cabinets. The artists who specialized in furniture were highly trained to ensure that they can create various designs of furniture that different suite interest. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "18th Century Furniture Piece Analysis" essay for you Create order Diverse furniture designs were made in the 18th century (Martin, 2017). Frick Collection provides the great art collections in the furniture in the eighteenth century. The arts are present in Henrys mansion in the New York City. The 18th-century furniture styles include Queen Anne, William, and Mary, Sheraton, Adam, and Chippendale among others (Liu, Cionca Timar, 2015). A visit to Fricks collection helps in the identification of the various pieces of art in the 18th century. The furniture in the 18th century was more finished and highly sophisticated in design. France contributed the styles in the early half of the 18th century while the latter half furniture was influenced by England. The furniture designs greatly influenced the appearance of the cabinet. This paper analysis the furniture designs in the 18th century taking into consideration the artworks in the Frick collection. Frick was one of the most influential American industrialists and housed various sculptures, western paintings and decorative arts that show the various furniture designs that were present in the 18th century (Gray, 2014). He had about sixteen permanent galleries that indicated the origin of every piece of art and the periods that they were famous. Frick rarely exposed his interests concerning the paintings and his first interest concerning artwork was known in the 1880s (Gray, 2014). Fricks house, the mansion, and the works serve as a great monument of the American art today. Majority of the art paintings concerning the furniture in the 18th century serve as great decoration in America. Hepplewhite was among the furniture in the 18th century. Hepplewhite was introduced and popular between 1780 and 1810. The style is known to be similar to the Thomas Sheraton styles and is neoclassic. The Hepplewhite furniture uses unique materials. Thence, it is made of more than one type of wood. Mahogany is the type of wood that makes the bulk of it, and it composed its base. Maple and the s atinwoods were also used in making the Hepplewhite furniture. Hepplewhite furniture is characterized by straight legs. The furniture is made of heavy pieces that enabled it to hold various objects. The furniture was tapered arrow or rectangular. Their legs were sometimes shaped to meet the classical columns designs (Gray, 2014). Since they have the shapes of most of the household items, the Hepplewhite was used in the making of sofas and chairs. The common denotation of the Hepplewhite was that it was H shaped. Hepplewhite chairs had a variety of designs that included the feathers and ribbons. The most common design of the Hepplewhite chair is the side-back rest. Chippendale is also among the types of chairs that were popular in the 18th century. The name originated from, Thomas Chippendale, the man who made such chair for the first time. The most expensive of the Chippendale furniture was made from the mahogany (Gray, 2014). The less expensive pieces were made from maple and Che rry. The chairs had rounded ball legs that are a strain. Chippendale furniture has straight backs and a flat center. Chippendale designs include tables, stools, and chairs. The designs can be made from various materials depending on the costs that the owner wishes to incur (Gray, 2014). Georgian chair was also among the popular furniture designs in the 18th century. The chairs were made of mahogany from the previous Walnuts. Mahogany was preferred since they were more durable. The chairs were named after the reign of the Kings of Britain in the 18th century. The chair designs were influenced by the Italian arts. The chair had straight legs and is characterized by very many decorations. Another popular furniture design in the 18th century was the Queen Anne design (Liu, Cionca Timar, 2015). The chair was made from walnuts and cherry. It had no backrests; had straight legs and that are rounded at the ends. The chair was named after Queen Anne. The furniture had been associated with flowers. The furniture had curved tops and cabriole legs (Liu, Cionca Timar, 2015). The exact period in which the furniture was made was has been hard toe stablished. However, is believed that it was present in the eighteenth century when the reign of Queen Anne is established. William and Marys design is also furniture design that was present in the late 17th century and early 18th century. The chair was made under the influence of the Dutch. The design was named after kin William and his wife Mary (Liu, Cionca Timar, 2015). The chair design traces back to the Baroque period. It has a scroll designed legs that are rounded at the bottom. The chairs had a characteristic dark color. Maple and walnuts were the major materials used to make the furniture. The chairs had armrests and were quite expensive to make. It was made of leather on the backrest and the bottom. References Gray, M. (2014, September). The Frick Collection criticised over expansion plans. In Apollo (Vol. 180, No. 623, pp. 36-37). Apollo Magazine Ltd.. Liu, X. Y., Cionca, M., Timar, M. C. (2015). A comparative study of 17th century Ming and western European chairs. Eur J Sci Theol, 11(1), 253-262. Martin, M. (Ed.). (2017). Architectural space in eighteenth-century Europe: constructing identities and interiors. Routledge.

The Attributes Of Effective Leaders - 1168 Words

Attributes of Effective Leaders Specific Purpose: To inform my audience of the importance of four essential attributes possessed by effective leaders. Introduction I. We all have an image that comes to mind when we think of great leaders. It may be the President of the United States or other world leader, or a famous athlete or coach. A far less prominent group of leaders we all relate to personally and find important is the leaders within the companies we work for. II. What do we look for in a leader in the workplace? What traits do they possess and how do they influence the people that work for them? In our careers we will all be the leaders or we will work for the leaders, so this this either pertains to us†¦show more content†¦A. A company s vision is the overall direction of the company and what it is trying to accomplish. This is the ultimate goal the company is trying to reach. It answers the question, who and what are we going to be? B. The company vision is typically expressed in a vision statement and is concise, yet specific to the direction and objective of the company. It is typically a very bold statement that is relevant, but may or may not actually be possible. 1. An example of this type of vision statement that has practically come true is that of Microsoft. In the early 1980s, Bill Gates vision statement for Microsoft was A computer on every desk in every home. This was a very lofty goal at a time when very few households had computers. 2. Another good example of a vision statement is Davita Dialysis. Davita is one of my company s clients that we are very familiar with. Their company vision is To Build the Greatest Healthcare Community the World has Ever Seen. This is far less measurable than the vision statement of Microsoft, but it is equally ambitious. a) These statements are long-term forecasts for the company s aspirations. 3. The importance of a clear vision statement is summarized in an article from the Harvard Business Review. It states that In the press of day-to-day

H Report Free Essays

Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Macro environmental analysis (PESTLE- political, economic, social, technology, legal, ecological) 3. We will write a custom essay sample on H Report or any similar topic only for you Order Now Customer analysis 4. Market description 5. SWOT analysis (Strengths, weaknesses, opportunity, threats) 6. Conclusion and Recommendations 7. References P. 1 D002 T2242531 Introduction HM (Hennes Mauritz) is a global fashion brand and retail clothing company founded in Sweden, 1947 by Erling Persson. H M founder Erling Persson because of a U. S. tour, inspired him to open a low price, high-class women’s fashion clothing store ideas. (â€Å"H;M offers fashion and quality at the best price†, 2011) The first Hennes opened in Vasteras, which is the predecessor of H;M. In 60s, he expanded Hennes in most parts of Sweden, developed new markets in neighboring Norway and Denmark in 1964 and 1967. In order to expand the market share and product lines in Stockholm, Persson acquired a company called Mauritz Widforss, firearms and hunting supply stores to get the men`s clothing usiness for Hennes. After that, Persson renamed as Hennes ; Mauritz and still in use. Until the 21st century, H;M began to expand business in Asia. It has over 2,300 stores in 41 countries and as of 2011 employed around 87,000 people for now. H;M designer collaborations with plenty of famous designers and celebrities, such as Karl Lagerfeld, Roberto Cavalli, Stella McCartney, Comme des Garcons, Viktor ; Rolf, Madonna, Lanvin and Sonia Rykiel. (â€Å"H;M-Wikipedia†, 2011) The report is to analyze about the H;M Company (Hennes; Mauritz). This includes the Marco environmental analysis (PESTLE- political, economic, social, technology, legal, ecological), customer analysis, market description, SWOT analysis (Strengths, weaknesses, opportunity, threats), after that, the conclusion, recommendations and references will be provided. P. 2 D002 T2242531 Environmental Analysis (PESTLE) PESTLE means political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental. Political: EU and national laws; codes and practice (David Jobber, 2007, p. 3) H;M Company is following the enactment of Swedish and the actions of Swedish companies, as H;M is a Swedish brand and company. Nevertheless, if there is an H;M store located in Cambodia therefore that H;M store  has to follow the Cambodia government legislation. (â€Å"Worldnews. com†. 2011) For instance, there has an article posted on hm. com about Royal Government of Cambodia is considering amendment to article 67 and 73 of Cambodia enactment. This affects H;M as it injures t heir short-term contracts. If there are changes in laws, H;M has to change the purposes or operations to fit the requirements. Economic: economic growth; unemployment; interest and exchange rate; global economic trends (David Jobber, 2007, p. 43) H;M Company has over 87,000 employees in about 41 countries for now, they target growth around 10-15 percent new stores per year. (â€Å"H;M offers fashion and quality at the best price†, 2011) It shows H;M create a large number of Employment opportunities for the sociaty, conducive to economic growth. Social: changes in world population, age distribution and household structure; attitude and lifestyle changes; subcultures within and across national boundaries; consumerism (David Jobber, 2007, p. 43) H;M makes sure all products can meet customer`s anticipation. All products have to go through over 100 quality controllers, to inspect if the quality of the product can meet the quality and safety standard. That guarantees that H;M customers can use H;M products safely. H;M Company supports UNICEF in Uzbekistan to show their social responsibility and tries to prevent child work in cotton factory of Uzbekistan. These projects raise the awareness of the right of the child and give safeguard. H;M is going to donate US$ 150,000 to UNICEF’s work in Uzbekistan. (â€Å"IPS ipsnews. net†, 2011) P. 3 D002 T2242531 Technological: new product and process technologies; new materials (David Jobber, 2007, p. 43) H;M has two types of technology that will affect the business that are media technology and printing machines. In the operation of making clothes some of certain colors and designs need some unusual or more high-class machine to finish therefore H;M can keep the product in a quality. (â€Å"Adpunch. org†, 2010) The evolution of media technology will help H;M become popular through the Internet and advertise. The website and media have to be updated to become more eye-catching and disseminate their news events, it can extend the exposure of H;M to the ommunity. Legal: EU and national laws; codes of practice (David Jobber, 2007, p. 43) H;M Company cares about the protection of child; however so far this year, the collective fainting incident at the plant collapsed the number of employees has more than one thousand five hundred people. The labor department of Cambodia said the reason of this trend is including the use of pesticides, dust, heat, perssure and carry the goods to mov e goods consuming high physical work, hundreds of workers gathered in the small and closed environment. They believe that part of the plant is really have problem, such as in poorly ventilated conditions using specific chemical agents. Community Legal Education Centre claimed that the lack of further work in Cambodia environmental monitoring system. H;M said the company deeply concerned about the incident and seeking to investigate. (â€Å"International Labour Organization†, 1996-2011) Environmental: global warming; pollution; energy and other scarce resources; environmentally friendly ingredients and components; recycling and non-wasteful packaging (David Jobber, 2007, p. 3) H;M is always caring about the environment, particularly the development of organic cotton. Plenty of people try to invent cotton against nature, for example, produce cotton with chemicals. In order to protect the environment and gain the good image for H;M Company. H;M Company has to follow roles that can protect the environment. (â€Å"H;M offers fashion and quality at the best price†, 2011) P. 4 D 002 T2242531 Customer analysis H ; M is â€Å"fast, aggressive, accurate† as the main feature of the rapid rise of fast fashion, driven by global fashion trends. (â€Å"H;M offers fashion and quality at the best price†, 2011) They also describe its mission as â€Å"Fashion and quality at the best price. † H;M is used in â€Å"small, a variety† of product strategy, it breaks the traditional limit apparel industry, in the same season will continue to introduce new models for consumers to choose. H;M`s business scope has men`s, women`s, women`s underwear, children`s clothing and accessories. General characteristics of H;M`s clothes are rich in color choice, style wild simple, dynamic and fashionable, casual, comfortable, affordable, not expensive, therefore the products of H;M are suitable for the students, young office ladies, travellers. (â€Å"Just-style†, 2011) They have set the target consumers group of young people, who aged around 15-30, this type of fashion buyer groups with a high degree of sensitivity and have some spending power, but do not have the ability to possess the regular consumption of high-class brand`s product. (â€Å"Inspiring customer experience†, 2010) For instance, there is a young woman, who may just graduated or still studying in university or high school. She cannot afford to buy high-class brand clothes, she might consider to buy H;M clothes, because H;M`s clothes are design by large number of famous designers and celebrities. This shows H;M attracts plenty of young girls who have high degree of sensitivity. P. 5 D002 T2242531 Market description Sweden`s H;M Company, full name Hennes ; Mamitz, by founder Erling Persson founded in Sweden in 1947, the clothing retail chain. Currently in Europe and North America 29 countries and regions have their retail stores. Annual sales of goods more than 5. 5 million, has become one of the Europe`s largest clothing retail chain. The major rival of H;M is ZARA. Spanish fashion brand ZARA is well known in Spain ranked first, third softball apparel retailer Inditex company`s brand, the company has nearly 2,000 stores worldwide, ZARA is one of nine brands if Inditex, the most famous flagship brand, is considered to be Europe`s most research value of the brand. Tony Hines and Margaret Bruce (2007) The success of both companies benefited from the use of unique marketing strategy. Two companies have taken on in the price of low-coast strategy. ZARA is target the consumer group has high income and high-educated young people, mainly 25-35 year-old customer layers, H;M has set the target consumer group of young people 15-30 years old. Two companies frequently updated fashion cheap products just to meet the needs of this population. H;M take the price lower than ZARA layer of strategy. According to statistics, H;M fashion price is lower than ZARA about 30% to 50%. Tim Jackson and David Shaw (2009) In price discounts, H;M is using the less discount strategy, because all products of H;M are â€Å"small amount and variety†, for example, consumers who buy the first time, there is a risk of no longer buy, therefore they are often unable to wait until the end of the quarter or the end of the year discount. It is kind of psychological advantage of consumers. Almost all of the goods sold in a short time, leave only a small amount of undesired products at discount end of the quarter or the end of the year. H;M estimated 2005 pre-tax profit of 1. 4 billion, on sales of 6. 3 billion. (David Jobber, 2007,p. 35) P. 6 D002 T2242531 SWOT analysis SWOT means strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. (David Jobber, 2007,p. 46) Strengths The main reason why H;M has become popular is low price. H;M provides good quality clothing, department store price that is extremely unusual in many of today’s retailers. Another advantage of the H;M is the product delivery time, only less than 13 weeks, a project from the design to retail store, that is quite impressive for a international, low price retailer. (â€Å"Jing`s Marketing Blog†, 2011) In addition, they use guest designer bands and shop to keep the line fresh and special, at an affordable price, ability to reach a large target market to satisfy different fashion tastes, having a well-known brand name. Weaknesses Customers may think clothes to be low quality because of the low price, that is a type of psychological of some customers and the quality of service also is a problem for H;M. A large retail store, if there are only a few numbers of staff, they are unable to take care of all the customers. On the other hand, because the company buys a large number of means, there is no one can promise all the items will be sold out. That means their low price may have to be lower and lower to attract consumers to buy their products or means that H;M Company may have to pay additional storage space for these unsold items. (â€Å"H;M-Facebook†, 2011) Opportunities There will be a good opportunity launch some clothes are for elderly people. They can develop a new line for elderly people. I think it would be a good opportunity for H;M, because elderly people also want to wear fashion clothes with a nice, low price, I also think this opportunity can let H;M become more popular, also make more people aware of this brand H;M. Threat There is more and more new retailers appear in the market, such as ZARA, Forever 21, River island. These retailers undoubtedly formed a kind of competition, each firm also has their own marketing program, own characteristics, and the main threat is they are also using the same marketing strategy as H;M â€Å"good quality at a low price†. H;M has to create some new strategy to strong stay competitive. Tim Jackson and David Shaw (2009) P. 7 D002 T2242531 Conclusion and Recommendation The biggest threat for H;M is other retailers from other countries, they are also have plenty of capital and technology to against H;M, therefore H;M should have some innovation actions and strategies to increase the competitive in the fashion market to maintain and attract more customers. First, rely on H;M`s standardized management capabilities to continuously improve their management level and the quality of products. Second, full play to their favorable factors and development, and vigorously promote the clothing company with foreign strategic cooperation. Third, appropriate under the circumstances of the adjustment value, adjusted by way of sale. References David Jobber (2007) Principles and Practice of marketing 5th Edition Fast fashion. (2011). Retrieved 21 October 2011 from the Wikipedia website: http://en. wikipedia. rg/wiki/Fast_fashion H;M Discussions (2011). Retrieved 1 January 2009 from the Facebook website: http://www. facebook. com/board. php? uid=21415640912 H;M readies itself for sourcing challenge (2010) Retrieved 12 June 2010 from the just-style. com website: http://www. just-style. com/analysis/hm-readies-itself-for-sourcing-challenge_id108103. aspx H;M experiments with technology driven campaign (2007) Retrieved 30 August 2007 from the Adpunch. org website: http://www. adpunch. org/entry/hm-experiments-with-technology-driven-campaign/ P. D002 T2242531 H;M-Cotton from Uzbekistan (2011) Retrieved 25 April 2009 from the H;M website: http://about. hm. com/gb/corporateresponsibility/supplychainworkingconditions/supplychainmonitoring/cottonfromuzbekistan__monitoringarticle5. nhtml H;M offers fashion and quality at the best price (2011) Retrieved 25 August 2011 from the H;M official website: http://www. hm. com/gb/ H;M in Cambodia (2004) Retrieved 17 May 2004 from the International Labor Organization website: http://www. lo. org/global/about-the-ilo/press-and-media-centre/videos/video-news-releases/WCMS_074487/lang–en/index. htm HennesMauritz (HM), AN HRM CASE STUDY (2009) Retrieved 12 September 2009 from the ideas and thoughts website: http://ideasthoughts. erruppackal. com/2009/09/hennes-mauritz-hm-an-hrm-case-study/ Hundreds of workers collapse at Cambodian HM clothing factory (2011) Retrieved 29 August 2011 from the Worl dnews. com website: http://article. wn. com/view/2011/08/29/Hundreds_of_workers_collapse_at_Cambodian_H_M_clothing_facto/ Social Media strategies of H;M (2011) Retrieved 15 May 2011 from the Inspiring Customer Experience website: http://patperdue. com/social-media-strategies-of-hm-zara-and-esprit-analysis/ Tony Hines and Margaret Bruce (2007) Fashion marketing second edition Tim Jackson and David Shaw (2009) mastering fashion marketing UZBEKISTAN: Forced child labor kills (2011) Retrieved 19 October 2011 from the IPS ipsnews. net website: http://www. ipsnews. net/news. asp? idnews=105514 4P analysis of H;M (2010) Retrieved 24 October 2010 from the Jing`s Marketing Blog website: http://blogs. ubc. ca/jingwei/2010/10/24/4p-analysis-of-hm/ P. 9 How to cite H Report, Essay examples

Development of Grammatical Categories of Adjective free essay sample

The development and the change of a language is not only on the lexicon, but it can be on the other elements of the linguistics, and the causes of the changes are various, such as: the political, social, cultural and technological development. There is a problem, however, of whether the development of the language can be directly observed or not. It is the genuine characteristic of a language that a language develops, and the process is for centuries. It is impossible to observe the development of a language directly since the age of man is limited. Something, which can be observed and studied are the proofs or the data of the changes. Unfortunately, not every language can give the proofs. Only languages which have written documents from era to era can provide them. The English, Arabic and Javanese belong those which can be traced, because they have written documents. According to the documents, English can be categorized into three periods. We will write a custom essay sample on Development of Grammatical Categories of Adjective or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The period from 450 to 1150 is known as Old English, from 1100 to 1500 is known as Middle English, and from 1500 up to now is known as Modern English. The English language of today reflects many developments and changes of the last centuries. The political and social events had effected the English. The Christianizing of Britain in 597 brought England into contact with Latin civilization and it made additions to the English vocabularies. The Scandinavian invasions made a considerable mixture of the two peoples and their languages. The English, for two centuries, was only used by the lower class while the nobles and those associated with them used French as the result of the Norman Conquest. In 1066, English regained supremacy as the language of all elements of the population, and it greatly changed in both the form and vocabulary. In a similar way the Hundred Years’ War, the rise on an important middle class, the Renaissance, the development of English as maritime power, the expansion of the British Empire, and the growth of commerce and industry of science and literature , have each in its way, contributed to make the English language what it is today. Therefore, the development of the English adjective can be traced and discussed. Linguists differentiate the language changes into two, the internal and external changes. The first happens on the language itself, such as, the changes of the phonology, morphology, semantic, syntactic and lexicon system. And the latter undergoes changes because of the external influence such as contacts with other people having different languages. This happens because of word borrowing, word absorbing, phonological changing etc. Actually the easiest language change to observe is the lexicon change, but as stated above, this paper is intended to discuss the development and the changes of the English adjective. Since the discussion of the English adjective is quiet wide, it is limited on the discussion of the form and the comparative adjective. THE ENGLISH ADJECTIVE Many English words belong to more than one part of speech. Thus hope, love, sleep, etc. , may be nouns as well as verbs; chief; general, vegetable, etc. , may be nouns as well as adjectives; clean, dead, wide, etc. , are adjectives as well as adverbs; while may be either a noun, a verb or a conjunction; since may be an adverb, a preposition, or a conjunction; adjectives as well as verbs. The examples are as follows: They like black shoes, the word black is an adjective, and in the sentence: They black their shoes once a week, the word black here is a verb. So it is not so easy to say whether a word is an adjective just by looking at it in an isolation or form. It should be understood that an adjective is a word which is used with a noun or pronoun to describe the animate or inanimate things designated by the noun or pronoun. In other words, an adjective is a word which functions as a modifier to describe a noun or other substantive and traditionally, an adjective has been considered as a part of speech and used to denote word classes. An adjective has some characteristics such as follows: 1. It can freely occur in attributive position as a pre-modifier of a noun, for example: a beautiful park, naughty boys. 2. It can occur alone after a verb as a subject complement, e. g. : The car is beautiful. My father looks old. 3. It can be preceded by very and other intensifying words, for example: The car is very beautiful. 4. It can take comparative and superlative forms whether it is inflectionally or by the addition of pre-modifier, e. g. : happy, happier, the happiest, and beautiful, more beautiful, the most beautiful. 5. Most of adjectives can be added with –ly to form adverbs, e. g. : happy happily, beautiful -beautifully. However, not every adjective has these characteristics. A word can be considered as an adjective when it can function as an attribute or predicate and it cannot function as a direct object. Adjectives are the prototypical modifiers. Adjectives are also one of the most difficult categories to classify, since they share many characteristics of either nouns or verbs. Adjectives, being less well-established as a category, are a more likely target for change. Adjectives in English have two distinct functions: they can be predicative (as in the rhythm is important) or attributive (as in contemporary poetry). In the former case they are closer to the verbal end of the continuum, because together with the copula verb hey form the verbal phrase, and in the latter case they may (but need not) be closer to the nominal end of the cline. There are various formal means of distinguishing between these two functions: it may be done by position, by intonation or stress, or by inflection. In the history of English, there have been important changes , which will be the main topic of discussion here OLD ENGLISH ADJECTIVE The period of the Old English is from 450 to 1150 and it is sometimes described as the period of full inflections, since during most of this period the endings of the noun, the adjective, and the verb are preserved more or less unimpaired. An important feature of the Germanic languages is the development of a twofold declension of the adjective: one, the strong declension; and the other is the weak one. The strong declension is used when the adjective alone must bear the primary burden of indicating the construction of the noun, and the weak or non-distinctive adjective, or a possessive has already performed the office of case, number and gender indication. The Old English adjective has three genders: masculine, feminine and neutral. It also has the same cases as on: nominative, genitive, dative, with the addition of an instrumental in the masculine and neutral singular. It is necessary to mention only such distinctive endings as the masculine accusative singular -ne, the feminine genitive and dative -re, and the genitive plural -ra as illustrations of this point. In the sense that this inflectional pattern contains such inflections especially associated with certain case and gender forms, it is a strong declension. It can be seen clearly in the following table that we find the ending -a for a masculine nominative singular adjective, -an for the accusative singular of the same gender, and – e for a feminine nominative singular. In fact the weak adjective declension corresponds point for point with the weak noun declension, even to the distinctive -e form in the neuter accusative singular. For example: An O. E noun eag = eye becomes eage in the neuter nominative singular, and nam = name becomes naman in the masculine dative singular. The strong declension is used predicatively and attributively without any other defining word, or when the adjective is not preceded by a demonstrative or possessive pronoun, such as follows: Waes seo aemne geong the woman was young Dol cyning a foolish king The weak declension is used after the demonstrative and possessive pronoun or after a definite article: Se dola cyning the foolish king Se ofermoda cyning the proud king Min leofa sunu my dear son The comparative adjective was formed of the suffix – ra, and the superlative ost, a few adjectives have –est . Examples: Positive| Comparative| Superlative| Meaning| eald| ieldra| ieldest| old| earm| earmra| earmost| poor| We also find some words with the comparative formed from an adverb or preposition with the superlative –um, or –uma , in Latin loan words: optimus (best), summus (highest). For the word ending in –m ceased to be felt as having superlative force, some words taken by analogy the additional ending -est. It makes the double superlative with the suffix -umist- , then becomes -ymist- and develops further into -imest -, -emest-, and mest , such as in formest, midmest, and further examples are: Positive| Comparative| Superlative| Meaning| inne| innemra| innemest| within| after| after| aftermest| after| There are also some irregular comparisons in Old English adjectives, such as: Positive| Comparative| Superlative| got| bettra| betst| micel| mara| maest| MIDDLE ENGLISH ADJECTIVE The English language between the year 1150 and 1500 has already been characterized as Middle English. It was marked by momentous changes in English language, changes were more extensive and fundamental than those that have taken place at any time before or since. The changes of this period affected English in both its grammar and its vocabulary and the changes in English grammar may be described as a general reduction of inflection. Endings of the noun and adjective marking distinctions of number and case and often of gender were so altered in pronunciation as to lose their distinctive form and hence their usefulness. The result of the changes was that in Middle English the indication of gender distinguishing the masculine form was lost, because the ending –a (masculine nominative) and -e (neuter nominative accusative and feminine nominative) fell together in a single forms as -e. For example: Old English Middle English Se ealdu man the olde man(masculine) Se ealde talu the olde tale (feminine) Paet ealde swurd the olde sword (neuter) The weak adjective ending -an and -urn had already fallen together as -en. And because of the loss of final -n they also became to have only -e. But, there are very few sunrivals of the Old English genitive plural in –ra as Middle English -er, notably in aller from Old English ealra. Thus , the singular and plural forms of the weak adjective declension, -a, -e, -an, :em, and -urn, were reduced to a single ending in -e. Middle English monosyllabic adjectives ending in consonants remained uninflected throughout the singular and had -e throughout the plural: Singular Plural Brod brode God gode Glad glade The ending of accusative masculine singular -ne, the genitive and dative feminine singular -e (-ere) and a few isolated forms of the genitive plural were remained unchanged. The old English comparative ending –ra became – re, and the superlative suffixes –est and –ost fell together as -est , as in: Positive| Comparative| Superlative| hard| harder| hardest| fair| fairer| fairest| clene| clener| clenest| In Middle English there was also a process of shortening vowel. It happened when the root of an adjective was long , for example: Positive| Comparative| Superlative| swete| swetter| swettest| Middle English adjectives also had irregular comparison , for example: Positive| Comparative| Superlative| god| better| best| bade| worse| werst| icel| more(mara)| mest(most,mast)| MODERN ENGLISH ADJECTIVE In Early Modern English, it (English adjective) continued to form comparatives with –er and superlatives with –est. Analitical comparison with mo(e), more , and most wich had occur as early as Old English times also used in Early Modern English, but there are also some double comparison such as: more fitter, more better, mos t unkindest. In Modern English many adjectives are formed from words which are other parts of speech by the addition of suffixes (-ful, -less, -y, -ly, -like, etc. French, Latin, Greek suffixes, including –ous, -ant, -ent, -ate, -ac, (-ic), -able, (-ible), -esque, -ine, -ive, -ory, -ose, etc. also appear in many English adjectives: valorous, rampant, fluent, ornate, cardiac, poetic, tolerable, edible, grotesque, canine, civil, juvenile, elective, introductory, and verbose. In this case, some linguists propose some suffixes which typically indicate that a word is an adjective: Suffix| Add to| Result| -able| verb| washable| -al| noun| musical| -ed| noun| ragged| -esque| noun| romanesque| -ful| noun| hopeful| -ic| noun| heroic| ish| noun| foolish| -ive| verb| effective| -less| noun| restless| -like| noun| childlike| -ly| noun| friendly| -ous| noun| desirous| -some| noun| brothersome| -worthy| noun| praiseworthy| -y| noun| sandy| In comparison, adjectives of one syllable are regu larly compared by adding to the positive form –er for comparative, and –est for superlative. The only exception to this rule are few monosyllables, which are difficult to pronounce with the –er and -est suffixes, examples: real, wrong, like, etc. Examples are: Positive| Comparative| Superlative| clear| clearer| clearest| ide| wider| widest| sweet| sweeter| sweetest| More and most are employed for more than two syllables adjectives. Examples are: Positive| Comparative| Superlative| beautiful| more beautiful| most beautiful| difficult| more difficult| most difficult| diligent| more diligent| most diligent| To show special emphasis, some adjectives of one or two syllables have both patterns of comparison: calm, calmer, calmest or calm, more calm, most calm. When it is used in the appositive position adjectives are generally compared with more and most: I never knew a man more calm or more kind than you. For phonetic reason many adjectives ending in –al, -ar, -ard, -en, -ure, -erse, -ful, -ed, -om, -ic,- is,- ive, -ous, -ose, -que, etc. are compared by the employment of more or most. Examples are: Positive| Comparative| Superlative| musical| more musical| most musical| hopeful| more hopeful| most hopeful| heroic| more heroic| most heroic| effective| more effective| most effective| desirous| more desirous| most desirous| Compound adjectives are sometimes compared by inflecting the first element of the compound, for example: well-known, better-known, best-known. There are also some adjectives which are not regularly compared with –er or –est have superlative forms in –est and comparative with more. The –est superlative is preferred when the adjective has pronominal function or preceded by the definite article. For example: He is the handsomest of the boys. Adjectives are distinguished by a specific combinability with nouns, which they modify, if not accompanied by adjuncts, usually in pre-position, and occasionally in postposition; by a combinability with link-verbs, both functional and notional; by a combinability with modifying adverbs. Adjectives are the third major class of words in English, after nouns and verbs. Adjectives are words expressing properties of objects (e. g. large, blue, simple, clever, economic, progressive, productive, etc. ) and, hence, qualifying nouns. Adjectives in Modern English do not change for number or case. The only grammatical category they have is the degrees of comparison. They are also characterized by functions in the sentence. In the sentence the adjective performs the functions of an attribute and a predicative. CONCLUSION It is right, as stated above in the introduction, that a language is changing from time to time. And of course, it happens to English. The English of a thousand years ago was different from the English of five hundred years ago, and so the English of today will be different from the English of the fourth millennium. The differences of the English from centuries to centuries are not only on a certain aspect, but on many aspects as well as on the English adjective. The Old English adjective had inflectional modification to indicate numbers, genders, cases, and degrees of comparisons, and there was a distinction of weak and strong declensions. In Middle English, most of the declensional distinctions were lost, the general tendency of the language is to drop all suffixes. Adjectives in Modem English do not change their forms to show changes in number, case, or gender; and only a few adjectives of the pronominal class possess meanings which indicate number. One, and every, each modify singular nouns while several, few, many modify only plural substantives. In Modem English no adjective is capable of indicating gender or case. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Baugh A. C. and T. Cable. A History of the English Language. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. , 1978. 2. Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 3. Hogg, R and A. Denison. A history of the English language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. 4. Frank, Marcella. Modern English Grammar: a Practical Reference Guide. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. , 1972. 5. Wardhaugh, R. An Introduction to Social linguistics Cambridge: Blackwell Publisher, 1992. . An Elementary Middle English Grammar; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1928. 7. Suwardy, A. The development of English Adjectives. [emailprotected] com 8. www. cambridge. org/9780521662277

Principle Of Superposition Essays - Plate Tectonics, Subduction

Principle Of Superposition Lesson 1 Assignment Unit I 1. In addition to various bits of information, there are 3 primary principles geologists use to place layers of rock according to age. The first, Principle of Superposition is the un-changed consecution of the rock, which contains the oldest stratum (a single sedimentary rock) located in the bottom of the rock. Superposition is the primary method to unveil the order of succession in which layers were formed in the rock. The second, Principle of Original Horizontally states that most strata is originally formed horizontally, which explains that steeply dipping strata was deformed at a much later date. This brings us to the third and last, Principle of Original Lateral Continuity. This is a stratum that patterned in all directions until the rock layers stopped at the ends of its original placement. 2. Catastrophism is a scientific method to explain extreme changes in geological structures in a short period of time. These catastrophism events may include earthquakes, severe flooding, volcanoes and extreme wind conditions. Uniformitarianism is the belief in slow evolution and slow change in geological Earth events. This states that Earth can only change over a long period of time. Different parties, one believing in catastrophism and the other believing in uniformitarianism collided in the 19th century though being in close agreement at the same time. Under closer studies of the Paleozoic and Mesozoic era, these two theories posed problems for them, too short for uniformitarianism and too long for catastrophism. 3. By using the radioisoyope dating method, scientists are able to measure the age of a substance. This method is possible for measuring the invisible radiation emitted by phosphorescent substances. These atoms are called parents, and as it decays it will become a daughter. By knowing the time it takes for an isotope to change from a parent to a daughter, we can measure the time without the interference of effects caused by catastrophism and uniformitarianism. To quickly explain the measuring process, you must take the # of parents and daughters mean in the rock and the percentage of parents remaining should be added to the measuring curve scale to find the amount of half-lives remaining. This will give you the age of the rock. 4. The planet Earth is estimated 4.6 billion years old. Scientists were able to reach that number by using radioisotope dating. Using this method, scientists have measured from the Precambrian, Mesozoic all the way to the present. The process and details of radioisotope dating are explained above in 3. 5. a. Precambrian era, being the longest era consumed 4 billion of the 4.6 billion years of the Earth's history. Rocks during that age contained very little fossil history and were altered so much that it makes it difficult to know the conditions of that era. b. Paleozoic era began 570 m.y. ago and contained some of the earliest found life forms including the Trilobites, sharks, corals and the first life on continents including forests, insects and reptiles. The formation of the northern and southern Appalachians was also accomplished. c. Mesozoic era extended from 245 m.y. to 65 m.y.. This era was the death of the long survived trilobites but the beginning for dinosaurs and birds and the Andes. d. Cenozoic era extended from 65 m.y. to the present day. This was the era of animals including horses, apes, humans and the formation of the Rocky Mountains, Alps and Himalayas. Unit II 6. The Earth's rocks are divided into 3 different types. The first are igneous rocks, which are formed by volcanic magma coming to the surface and cooling. The second, sedimentary rocks are formed from the disposition or accumulation of sediments (mud, clay, sand, gravel and skeletal remains of plants and animals) from water, wind or ice. There also is a second class of sedimentary rock that is formed a completely different way. Instead of mechanically depositing, it is chemically deposited forming limestones and evaporates. The third and last class, is the metamorphic rock. Metamorphic rocks are any rock that has been altered by being crushed, squeezed or heated. These rocks can be identified by their unique mineralogy and structure. As a result of the changes, new types of rocks are formed. 7. Beginning with the granite, the most well known class of rock. These rocks have a speckled appearance

music to be heard essays

music to be heard essays I believe that it is the music of our time that will be remembered long after we are gone, and it is bands like Oasis that led the revolution which took place recently. Oasis, headed by brothers Liam and Noel Gallagher was the first band after The Beatles to lash out against what had become the normal way a band should be, and that is why they will be known for years to come as the band who changed rock music. Noel Gallagher was born on May 29, 1967 in Manchester, he was the second son of Thomas and Margaret Gallagher. Thomas, Tommy to the boys at the pub, was a construction worker. He and his wife, known to her pals as Peggy, resided in the working-class Manchester suburb called Burnage with their first boy, Paul. "God was playing a joke when He made me," Noel Gallagher once said. "You know, 'Let's make this guy a writer and a guitar player, but let's make him write with his left hand but play with his right, and let's have him born in the middle of May and give him a Christmas name like Noel. Little did Noel know that when he grew up he was to become the frontman of one of the most influential rock bands in music history at a time when music was the most influential form of speech on the planet. Little Liam arrived in the Gallagher household five years later, on September 21, 1972. He and Noel were forced to share a bedroom, something that always bothered Noel to no end, seeing how Paul, just a year-and-a-half older than him, had his own room. But Liam and Noel made the best of it, and the bedroom saw the beginnings of the somewhat loving, often heated relationship between the brothers. The boys kept a running record of their childhood by scrawling on their wall, later described by Tommy as their "wonderwall", later to become the title of one of their biggest selling singles. Bits of songs, poems, favourite bands, football teams and the like were all immortalised on their bedro...

Those Winter Sundays Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Those Winter Sundays - Research Paper Example I think everybody is attached to their parents and we can easily relate our emotions through this poem. As a child we always rely on our parent’s assistance and support and we hardly feel thanking them for their help which is quite obvious with human nature. Similarly, here the speaker tells us about the limited communication with his father. And the only communication his family members ever had between them was through demonstration of anger. â€Å"Fearing the chronic angers of that house† tells the frustration and anger that the speaker was living in. The speaker always felt his house as dull, lifeless, frustration and anger. He felt that the house was empty and there was nothing which can express love. May be he was too young to understand the complexities of a family. Now when he is older he understands the reason of anger and frustration. The poem reveals how difficult fatherhood is as the opening lines of the poem tells â€Å"Sundays too my father got up early a nd put his clothes on in blueblack cold†. There are many literary poems made on the strong relationship of father and son. There are famous literary poems made on this theme like Homer’s â€Å"The Odyssey† and â€Å"The Illiad†. Both poems show the affection of father for their sons even living apart. They hardly had interactions with their son but still they care for them. In this particular poem the speaker says that he has behaved â€Å"indifferently to him, who had driven out the cold†. Although he took care of the family but no one ever thanked him for his concern and abilities. This poem takes me back to my childhood days and I remember how my father took care of every minute things of my life. Many times he tries to hide his emotions and love, but I can get the sense of affection through his caring attitude. I remember one day I was crying for a silly thing and how my father hugged me and pacified me with his words. Now when I recall those da ys I feel father is a special figure who can strain themselves for the well being of their family. Here in the speaker tells that his father never expressed the sense of affection verbally. But now he feels that his father is a strong man who never compromised his family, although he is tired â€Å"from labor in the weekday†. Although tired he still makes it a point to do stuffs for his family. Hayden has used imagery to reach out to the readers and convey the message of fatherhood as he tries to picture the activities done by the father. That means even in the hard times of winter he wakes up early morning to warm the house for his children. The speaker also mentions that he wakes up only when the house is warm or when his father calls up. Despite of doing all these, the speaker tells that he never shown any affection towards his father. And now when he is grown up he understood the love and affection of his father. In the last lines of the poem the speaker mentions that as a child he was unaware of father’s love through his behavior. – â€Å"what did I know, what did I know of love’s austere and lonely offices†. He now regrets and whished if could thank his father for affection and care. Like the speaker I have also many times ignored my father’s gestures and rather appreciating him for his care and concern sometimes I neglected him. But after reading the poem I feel it gives us a sense of regret for not understanding our parents. And this realization comes to us only when we reach

Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 9

Nursing - Essay Example Lack of confidence within ER is dangerous given that a nurse is expected to have good assessment skills in gathering patient history and physical assessment and results to poor determination of the right urgency levels to be applied to deal with emergency patients and this could result to complications or death (Manton, 2004). The delivery of trauma-focused cognitive-behavioral therapy to ER nurses aims at assisting nurses in attaining a more balanced picture to replace upsetting thoughts about traumatic events especially if such thoughts are distorted or irrational. ER nurses are expected to pay attention to detail and remain calm under pressure (Pegels, 2003). Through PSTD therapy, the ER nurse understands that their role involves urgent life-or-death situations daily and calm is needed to work with specific treatments. Working and managing staff that are older and more experienced staff in the ER is hard. In most cases, conflicts arise in problem resolution and this may delay attendance to the patient before arriving at a consensus. The experienced nurses’ belief their way is tested and bears more weight unlike that from novice nurses (Pegels,

ANALYSIS OF THE MOVIE TABLOD Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

ANALYSIS OF THE TABLOD - Movie Review Example the old style of interviewing or reporting, where the audience has the same feeling of listening the story as the filmmaker experiences while listening it. The fact that I like about the documentary is that Morris trains the Camera on McKinney. In this way, McKinney tells her story on her own. She highlights different aspects of the case, yet she can be observed not telling the truth or hiding things at some places as she forces so intently to believe her story (Tabloid). Morris has used different strategies to gain audience’s attention such as he has added a bit of tabloidism himself to make it more appealing. He has also used different clips of the movie named ‘The Godmakers’ that gives the better insight about the role of Mormons and their work. He has made use of attractive headlines one after another in order to keep audience interest  in  the movie such as different journalists  and reporters resembled  the chained up position of Kirk Anderson as ‘Spread-Eagle’. In that way, the phrase flashes on the screen each time he does

Mountain Dew: Company Analysis

Mountain Dew: Company Analysis Executive Summary: This report is about the Mountain Dew, which was launched in Pakistan in 1994 by Pepsi Cola Inc. It was launched without any prior research of the market. It is a product of Pepsi Cola Inc. Originally it was a private brand, which was later purchased by Pepsi Cola Inc. In this short report first I will explore the reasons of its failure in Pakistan, and then I will suggest a marketing plan to re-launch. Mountain Dew world wide usually target sports oriented and adventure seeking people but due to pattern of living in Pakistan is different so I am going to position it as a refreshing drink with a unique energizing and citrus taste. It competitors include 7 UP (another product of Pepsi which is holding 52 % of share) and Sprite ( a product of Coca Cola holding 38% of market share)in a different way. Threat for re-launching Mountain Dew is that it might affect the sale of 7 UP which is another product of Pepsi Cola Inc. The area which I select to re-launch Mountain Dew is Karachi which is one of the major cities of Pakistan. Company PepsiCo, Incorporated (NYSE: PEP) is a Fortune 500, American multinational corporation headquartered in purchase, New York, with interests in manufacturing and marketing a wide variety of carbonated and non-carbonated beverages, as well as salty, sweet and cereal-based snacks, and other foods. Besides the Pepsi brands, the company owns the brands Quaker Oats, Gatorade, Frito Lay, Naked, Tropicana, Copella, Mountain Dew, Mirinda and 7UP (outside the USA). [1] Mission Our mission is to be the worlds premier consumer Products Company focused on convenient foods and beverages. We seek to produce financial rewards to investors as we provide opportunities for growth and enrichment to our employees, our business partners and the communities in which we operate. And in everything we do, we strive for honesty, fairness and integrity. [2] Product Mountain Dew, currently stylized predominantly as Mtn Dew, is a soft drink distributed by PepsiCo, but remains its own brand. The formula was made and first marketed in Marion, VA, Knoxville and Johnson City, Tennessee, USA through the 1940s, then in Fayetteville, North Carolina by Barney and Ally Hartman. By 1964, it was being distributed across United States. The formula still used today was created by Bill (William) Jones. As of 2007, Mountain Dew was the 4th best selling carbonated soft drink in the United States, behind Coca-Cola Classic, Pepsi-Cola, and Diet Coke. Mountain Dews Diet version ranked 9th in sales. On October 15, 2008, Mountain Dews official logo was redesigned to Mtn Dew, as a result of a PepsiCo re-branding of its core products. Currently in the UK, a new drink called Mountain Dew Energy has been introduced into the energy drink market. Mountain Dew was previously marketed in the UK in 1995, with a TV spot having the strap line Wild color, smooth taste. It was unsuccessful, and the sale of Mountain Dew in the UK was discontinued (except for imports) by 1997. [3] Mountain Dew in Pakistan (Situation Analysis): Mountain Dew was launched in Pakistan in 1994 by Pepsi Cola Inc. but failed to capture the market due to many reasons. Reasons of Failure Timing: It was launched at the end of July, but summer season in most part of the Pakistan starts from March and ends on September. So the timing to launch this product is not good. Packaging: It was introduced in glass bottles that were used by 7 UP. Same look, same color, only the brand name was changed. Distribution: Timing to launch Mountain Dew also affects the delivery and distribution system. Distributors did not take huge quantity of the drink. Fragmented Launching: The launch was fragmented. Instead of launching it in one city and covered more area they launch it in five cities (Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad) covering only one or two location. That was not good. Awareness: Pepsi Cola Inc. did not advertise properly in media to make consumer aware of the product. Market Situation: In Pakistan consumption of soft drinks in high. So the market is very attractive for new entrants. The sales are remarkably high during summer and cultural occasions like Eid, Ramadan, Birthday parties etc. Majority population in Pakistan is from middle and lower class. Thus high prices of non-essential goods are not acceptable. So company has to be careful in setting or increasing prices. Competitive Situation: The major competitors for Mountain Dew will be 7 UP, Teem and Sprite These competitors are charging same pricesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Rs.15 for disposable 250 ml bottle and Rs.10 for regular 250 ml bottle. Teem has very little advertisement where as 7 UP and Sprite are supported by Television advertisements, billboards etc. MARKETING PLAN I am going to re-launch it. I am assigning this product a separate business unit supported by required finance and facilities in the city of Karachi. Population of Karachi is estimated at 18 million. It is the best place for launching any product. People of Karachi are more risk taker and consider being a trendsetter for the rest of the country. Mountain Dew manufacturing plan will be located at SITE Industrial Area because of availability of resources like labor, electricity and most important water which plays an important role in manufacturing of soft drinks. Market Targeting Strategy A large group has been identified within the soft drink with similar wants for Mountain Dew and market segmentation will be done on the basis of geographic, demographics and psychographics of the customers. Positioning: Mountain Dew will be positioned as Refreshing and Energizing soft drink. Product Line: Mountain Dew will be launched in different packaging after getting success in a market. Price: Its price will be same as of its competitors. Distribution Outlets: Two channels will be used for distributionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Direct channel (sale promotion officers) Indirect channel (retail outlets). Mountain Dew will be provided to 10500 of these outlets. Company will generate 75% of sale from these outlets. Sales Force: 50 sales promotional officer will be hired who are responsible for the direct sales to institutions i.e. marriage halls, hotels, offices, universities. Sale Promotion: Discount will be offered to retailers and distributors. Consumers are offered with buy one get one free offers. Advertising: Initially company will have to spent huge amount on advertising to create awareness. Commercials on entertainment channels and Fm radio will be on aired 30 times a day for at least a month. Company will also advertise through news papers, billboards, banners. Marketing Research: Keeping in view of objective to satisfy customers efficiently and effectively, marketing team will keep in touch with customers to identify their buying preferences, taste etc. Building Customer Satisfaction Value Retention Mountain Dew is trying to get the image of refreshing soft drink with unique taste. Sales team, shopkeepers at retail outlets will be friendly and supportive with customers in forwarding their suggestions and complaints to the company. Objective is to delight customers once it is achieved it will create emotional bond with the brand. Customer Satisfaction Survey: Mountain Dew will have to conduct surveys after every three months for the first year of launching in order to identify customers satisfaction and dissatisfaction level and implement those changes suggested by surveys. Delivering Customer Value and Satisfaction After identifying the customer value and satisfaction factors the next important thing is to effectively deliver those values. Here is suggested value chain system for Mountain Dew. Primary Activities Inbound Logistic and Operations: Mountain Dew will be manufactured using advance technology and processing facility located at SITE Industrial Area, Karachi. Team of potential and experienced individual will be hired to support its operations. Outbound Logistic: Delivery of Mountain Dew in Karachi will be through Distributors. Distributors will be divided according to regions like East, West, North and South. If there are places beyond distributors access, Mountain Dew will use its delivery vans. Marketing: Different medias will be used for promotions and making consumers aware of the product unique features. Support Activities: Supporting activities like procurement, human resource, accounting etc. will be carried out by separate departments established for these purposes. Scanning Marketing Environment Now we are going to analyze macro environment, the demographic, economic, technological, political-legal and social cultural, for the re-launch of Mountain Dew. Demographic Environment The first of the macro environmental force is population. The company is interested in the size, density and growth rate of population of Karachi. Karachi Population Growth: Karachis population consists of 18 million people and population growing at the rate of 5% per annum. Population can be divided into five different aged groups: school-age children, teenagers, young adults aged 25 to 40, middle aged adults age 40 to 65 and age 65 and above. Company has to target decision makers that are young adults. Economic Environment Purchasing power determines the economic environment of a country. Purchasing power depends on income, prices, savings etc. The income level of people in Karachi is very low, trends of savings is not there. Economy is dependent on foreign debts. Majority of people in Karachi are salaried or daily wages labor. Average family income is round about Rs. 6000 or less. Technological Environment I dont consider technology as important factor for Mountain Dew. Political Legal Environment Political and legal environment affects marketing decisions. Pakistan is politically unstable. It gives negative indicator to foreign investors. So company has to seek some sort of assurance for the responsibility of regulating business from some agencies. Social cultural Pakistan has a mix culture. People are following inherited tradition, traditional norms and values. Due to high poverty people can not afford very cost. Many families in Pakistan live under one roof, so purchasing patterns of consumers are highly influenced by the advices and recommendations of other family members. Mountain Dew is being re-launched in Karachi, which is the largest city of Pakistan in terms of population, size and area. Here soft drinks are utilized through out year due to hot weather. The People of Karachi are considered trendsetters of the country. Competition Mountain Dew has identified its competitors as 7 UP, Sprite, Teem that are substitute for each other with a very little difference in taste and filling where as Mountain Dew falls in this category with unique taste and packaging. Mountain Dew has to face tough competition from Sprite (brand of Coca-Cola Company) and 7 UP (brand of Pepsi) both constitute 92% the market share. Competitors Profile Coca Cola Inc The Coca-Cola Company began its operation in Pakistan in 1953. Its brands include Coca-Cola ®, Fanta ®, Sprite ®. It has approximately 70000 retail outlets in its distribution list. The Coca-Cola Company sponsors the Basant Festival in Lahore, a festival that marks the beginning of spring and attracts tourist from all over the world. It also sponsor music concerts through out the country for teenagers and underprivileged children. The Coca-Cola company is the selected supplier for Pakistan Railway, serving soft drinks in stations, platform and on trains. 7 UP Pepsi Cola Inc. launched 7 UP in Pakistan in 1969. It is consider as the market leader in the white drinks category. Pepsi Cola introduced 7 UP in Pakistan in 1969. Today 7 UP is considered the market leader in the white drinks category. 7 UP is financially strong and well established brand. Competitive Strategy for Mountain Dew Mountain Dew is new to the soft drink market of Pakistan as it was failed in the previous experience due to not having good marketing strategy. After analysis I recommend following strategy moves for Mountain Dew in order to compete with 7 UP and Sprite. Product Proliferation Now it will be provided in variety of sizes (see table 1.1) in order to increase the consumption and making price conscious consumer buy the product as they will purchase it according to their specific need. Product Innovation Mountain Dew itself is an innovative product in the market of Pakistan because of it unique citrus taste and energizing attributes. Distribution Innovation Mountain Dew will not only rely on distributors but it will develop its own distribution channel in order to get access to the market from all the dimensions. Market Segmentation A large group has been identified within the soft drink with similar wants for Mountain Dew and market segmentation will be done on the basis of geographic, demographics and psychographics of the customers. Geographic At start it will be launched in Karachi city only after that it will be introduced in the rest of Sindh, Punjab, NWFP and Baluchistan. Developing an Advertising Program Advertisement is a cost effective way to circulate messages, whether, build brand preference or to educate people. Advertising Objective Convince the market of the brand superiority. Type of Advertising As Mountain Dew is at its initial stage, we will use informative advertising, making people aware of the product, its quality and benefits of using the product. Advertisement Budget Mountain Dew is at the beginning of product life cycle, as consumers are not aware of it, thus large investment will be required for advertisement. Advertising Message Forget past as its gone, look new and choice new which is Mountain Dew. Selecting Media For Mountain Dew advertisement we will chose media that is cost effective and covering large number of audience. As it is customer-oriented company, its goal is to serve maximum number of customers. Electronic Media Electronic media will be used for advertising Mountain Dew i.e. TV. Its commercials will be on aired on PTV (Pakistans national Channel) and entertainment channels like ARY Digital, Hum TV and GEO Entertainment. Print Media Apart from electronic media company will advertise in newspapers like The News, Dawn and Magazines like Akhbar-e-Jehan. Billboards Billboards will be place on all major areas of the cities like Deltons, SITE, Korangi Bridge, FTC etc. Sales Promotion: Sale promotion tools we are going to use for Mountain Dew are as under: Free Trials Free trails will be offered for the first week to 2000 consumer who visited retail outlets. Prizes / Contest For the first two month company will attach coupon to each bottle, after filling it customer will return this coupon to retailer who then forward to company, through lucky draw on weekly basis consumer will be awarded prizes like motorbike, bicycle, mobile etc. Critical Reflection on Learning Outcomes Mountain was first launched in 1994. It tried to get the image of activating and energetic soft drink with a unique citrus taste, providing customer with a highest product value. Customer had wide range of choices in selecting product quantity. Mountain Dew offered the same price as its competitors were offering i.e. Rs. 10 for regular bottle but with additional quantity of 50 ml. the reason it failed to capture the market was market plan. Following were the problem with there marketing plan: 1. Company introduced the product at the end of July, but summer season in Pakistan starts from march and ends on September, so the timing to introduce the product was not good. 2. It was introduced in glass bottles that were used by 7 UP. Same look, same color, only the brand name was changed 3. The launch was fragmented. Instead of launching it in one city and covered more area they launch it in five cities (Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad) covering only one or two location. That was not good. 4. Pepsi Cola Inc. did not advertise properly in media to make consumer aware of the product. Why Organization Need Marketing Plan It is an essential document for both large corporate marketing departments and for startup companies. The Marketing Plan is generally undertaken for one of the following reasons: Needed as part of the yearly planning process within the marketing functional area. Needed for a specialized strategy to introduce something new, such as new product planning, entering new markets, or trying a new strategy to fix an existing problem. Is a component within an overall business plan, such as a new business proposal to the financial community? When writing the business plan, the Marketing Plan section explains how youre going to get your customers to buy your products and/or services. The marketing plan, then, will include sections detailing your: Products and/or Services and your Unique Selling Proposition Pricing Strategy Sales/Distribution Plan Advertising and Promotions Plan The easiest way to develop your marketing plan is to work through each of these sections, referring to the market research you completed when you were writing the previous sections of the business plan.

Staphylococcus aureus Essay -- Essays Papers

Staphylococcus aureus Life History and Characteristics: Staphylococcus aureus is a gram positive bacterium that is usually found in the nasal passages and on the skin of 15 to 40% of healthy humans, but can also survive in a wide variety of locations in the body. This bacterium is spread from person to person or to fomite by direct contact. Colonies of S. aureus appear in pairs, chains, or clusters. S. aureus is not an organism that is contained to one region of the world and is a universal health concern, specifically in the food handling industries. Diseases: The most common health concern associated with S. aureus is food poisoning caused by the release of enterotoxins, even in small doses, into food. Release of less than 1 microgram of toxin is sufficient to contaminate food enough to illicit symptoms of food poisoning. The infective dose of toxin is generally present when food is contaminated with an excess of 100,000 bacteria per gram of food. The intensity and variety of symptoms resulting from S. aureus food poisoning differ from individual to individual, but some of the most common symptoms are nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, and prostration (complete physical or mental exhaustion). It usually takes 2 or 3 days to recover from S. aureus food poisoning, but in some instances individuals will require more time to fully recover. Even though S. aureus is mainly associated with food poisoning, the bacterium can penetrate the skin or other mucous membranes to invade a range of tissues which will cause a variety of infections. Superficial infection of the skin can cause boils, impetigo, styes (infection of the glands or hair follicles of the eyelids), folliculitis, and furnacles. All of these infections are charac... ...ood to above 60 degrees C and storing food below 7.2 degees C are two effective ways of controling S. aureus growth in food. The most important recent epidemiological information concerning this organism involves the increasing resistance to antibiotics. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is the most common of these antibiotic resistant organisms. The effects of MSRA are the same as any other S. aureus infection, however, MSRA infections are a difficult to treat because there are few effective antibiotics available. MSRA infections are generally not life threatening, however in some extreme cases death can occur. References: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/hip/Aresist/mrsa.htm http://www.bact.wisc.edu/Bact330/lecturestaph http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/chap3.html http://www.bacteriamuseum.org/species/staphaureus.shtml http://www.dermnetnz.org/index.html

Accept and Parents Essay

Explain what is meant by partnership model of working with careers: A partnership model works around the theory of collaboration, coming together with understanding and effectives ways of communicating. It’s a way that helps to recognise how the very best outcomes can happen for children when their care, development and learning provision ie. a setting, a home, individuals and groups/family all work cooperatively. Give one example and then evaluate how your work in the setting reflects the need to work in partnership with parents or careers Cypop 1:5. Learning journeys are given to parents every six weeks, it gives the parents an in-depth account of the child’s, work, activity’s, development stage and interests, it shows pictures and examples of work. This reflects the partnership with parents. What reasons might parents and carers have for not working in partnership with the early years setting: There could be a range of reasons why parents and carers have for not working in partnership with the early years setting such as; fear of communicating, a lack of time due to a job, personal reason e.g. bereavement or divorce, knowing the teacher outside of school. How might these barriers to participate be overcome: These barriers could be overcome by positive communication- a parent to teacher conference, gain there confidence and trust by spending time with them, make time for working parents, time that suits them- home visits, meet their additional needs. Some parents may react negatively to partnership opportunities. W hat strategies could you use to encourage and support them In this area? It’s important to understand that not all parents wish to take part with working in partnership and some parents may react in a negative manner but by not putting any pressure on them it may result in them having a more positive attitude. Some carers may find it difficult to accept their child needs assessments to identify possible learning difficulties this can be helped with being sensitive and listening to any concerns the parent may have and offering lots of support and information and give plenty of time for discussions, explain that they will be informed about any changes and that their child will not be singled out. If parents/carers are still not happy get SENCO to offer advice and also the head teacher to offer support to the parents and staff. Parents tend to accept it more if it’s about their child’s learning but find it more difficult to accept if it’s about their child’s behaviour. It’s important to listen to what the carers and the child are saying and trying your best to explain it’s in the best interest of the child giving lots of advice and answering any questions they may. Explain that by getting outside agencies in they too can give advice to staff and parents in the best ways to deal with the situation in order for their child to reach their full potential, and hold meetings in school if its more convenient for the parents/carers. Some parents or careers are very keen to take advantage of partnership opportunities how could you ensure that they remain positive about this? Don’t turn people away: try to accommodate what’s being offered. If it seems difficult work out what your restrictions are, the benefits of the offer and how a solution can be organised. Type of events ; requesting input: how do you know what parents want to be involved with? eg. their child/ren’s development, health, well-being, fundraising, resource suggestion, skill provision, learning activities. Methods of contact: do you overcome communication barriers and fit means of contact to suit a parent/carer: email, txt, large print, audio, send newsletters, post events on a website, have access to resources written/signed for additional language needs. Request feedback: how do you engage thoughts and feelings on things about to happen, that have happened, plans for the future. Explain the primary importance of carers in the lives of babies and young children Cypop1:5,1-They know their child the best, they know their likes and dislikes as well as their needs. They see them at night time and evening. Parents are the nurturers and should love and care for their children

The Advent of Plus Sized Modeling Essay Example

The Advent of Plus Sized Modeling Essay Example The Advent of Plus Sized Modeling Essay The Advent of Plus Sized Modeling Essay PLUS SIZE MODELING: OUR TIME HAS COME Plus sized modeling was something that was frowned upon and mocked when I first began in the industry. If you were not a size two, this career choice was not for you. The attitude of the industry at that time largely contributed to the negative emotions and mentality of most full fgured women that had the slightest interest in wanting to peruse this career path. But, now, things have taken a turn for the better. Plus sized models have recently become more respected and accepted in the world of modeling, media advertisement and socially as a whole due to higher levels of self orth, self esteem and more importantly self love. This new attitude is being shown more by fuller fgured women of today as opposed to the timid, shy and afraid fat girls in the past. Some may argue that plus-size models have made huge steps in gaining respect in an industry that stresses thin is in. More and more full-fgured women have graced high-fashion magazines covers and walked in main-stream fashion shows. Full figured women of today now have role models and mentors that we can be proud of. Beautiful women, which encompass a positive, confident attitude hat should have been displayed all along. An excellent example of such a woman is, Australian model Robyn Lawley. Robyn posed for the cover of French Elle, Vogue Italia, and French Marie Claire. Just recently, Robyn became the first plus size model for Ralph Lauren. One huge step for plus sized women, one huge step for plus sized women kind! For years the most common complaint has been that models are too thin. Over the past few years, the plus sized model is the focus of numerous news articles, magazines, and blogs. The plus-size modeling industry gathers more ttention now than ever before. The fashion industry make claim that they embrace women of different shapes and sizes, but it is obvious from most magazine spreads and standard model sample sizes that what is claimed is only to please the public. Thin models are not only favored, but given many more opportunities to book Jobs than full-figured models. Most would argue that thin models are favored by the industry because that is what society desires. However, I would argue Just the opposite. The public desires thinner models because the industry has convinced hem that thinner is better. Discrimination towards plus-size models or Just average- sized women in general results in body image disputes over the world. Some examples of the full-fgured women and models making their voice heard are Plus Model Magazines editorial Plus Size Bodies, What is wrong with them anyway? and Doves Real Beauty campaign. These two movements fought back against the skinny mold and have brought the plus-size modeling industry to front page news. Doves Real Beauty campaign focused on encouraging women to embrace their bodies egardless of shape or size. The most well known part of the campaign is a photo of women with completely different bodies, yet all referred to as beautiful. The photograph generated a lot of buzz because it showed average size women accepting their bodies. Women are taught by the fashion industry that thinner is better. Everyday women are brainwashed to believe that they are only attractive if people are towards women who are not model thin. Dove started the Dove Self- Esteem Fund. This fund fought to change the Western perception of beauty from uper thin models to making every girl feel comfortable in her own skin. Doves campaign rose awareness to the negatively changing image of what is beautiful. Movements like the Real Beauty campaign are needed to help women with body image and self esteem issues. The modeling industry severely damages the way the world sees beauty. Women with a full-fgure or curves are seen as overweight. Plus- size models have begun to change this false idea put into place by the corrupt fashion-model industry. It is sometimes unclear whether the modeling industry is eally making a change for the better, or if it is Just a fad to embrace full fgured women. In my opinion, any change is a change for the better. Plus size models, full fgured women of today, are constantly changing the age old ideal that a size 2 defines beauty. The higher the level of self esteem, self worth and self love that are held by full fgured women of today will continue to make a positive impact on society, media and in all average sized women in society everywhere. We will no longer tolerate the stigma of being known merely as that fat girl.

Emily Blackwell

Emily Blackwell Emily Blackwell Facts Known for:  co-founder of the New York Infirmary for Women and Childen; co-founder and for many years head of the Women’s Medical College; worked with her sister, Elizabeth Blackwell, first woman medical doctor (M.D.) and then carried on that work when Elizabeth Blackwell returned to England.Occupation:  physician, administratorDates:  October 8, 1826 – September 7, 1910 Background, Family: Mother: Hannah Lane BlackwellFather: Samuel BlackwellSiblings (Emily was 6th of the 9 surviving children of the family):Elizabeth Blackwell, medical doctorAnna, an artist, newspaper columnist, and translatorHenry married Lucy Stone, feminist and woman suffrage leaderSamuel married Antoinette Brown Blackwell, early ordinated minister and suffrage leaderSarah, writer, and artistGeorge Washington Blackwell, landownerMarianne, teacherJohn Education: Admitted to Rush College in Chicago in 1852, Rush did not permit her to return for a second year because of opposition of patients and the Illinois State Medical SocietyBellevue Hospital, New York City: observerWestern Reserve Medical School, graduated 1854 with honorsEdinburgh, Scotland, studied with Sir James Young SimpsonAlso studied at various clinics and hospitals in London, Paris, and Germany Marriage, Children: Never marriedâ€Å"Romantic friendship† with Dr. Elizabeth Cushier, who was her roommate at the Infirmary and with whom she shared a house from 1883 to Emily’s deathAdopted a baby, Nanny, when Emily was 44 years old Emily Blackwell Biography: Emily Blackwell, the 6th of her parents’ nine surviving children, was born in Bristol, England, in 1826. In 1832, her father, Samuel Blackwell, moved the family to America after a financial disaster destroyed his sugar refining business in England.   He opened a sugar refinery in New York City, where the family became involved in American reform movements and especially interested in abolition. Samuel soon moved the family to Jersey City. In 1836, a fire destroyed the new refinery, and Samuel became ill. He moved the family to Cincinnati for yet another new start, where he tried to start another sugar refinery. But he died in 1838 of malaria, leaving the older children, including Emily, to work to support the family. Teaching The family began a school, and Emily taught there for some years. In 1845, the eldest child, Elizabeth, believed that the family’s finances were stable enough that she could leave, and she applied to medical schools. No woman had ever been awarded an M.D. before, and most schools were not interested in being the first to admit a woman. Elizabeth was finally admitted to Geneva College in 1847. Emily, meanwhile, was still teaching, but she didn’t really take to it.   In 1848, she began a study of anatomy. Elizabeth went to Europe from 1849 – 1851 for further study, then returned to the United States where she founded a clinic. Medical Education Emily decided that she, too, would become a doctor, and the sisters dreamed of practicing together. In 1852, Emily was admitted to Rush College in Chicago, after rejections from 12 other schools. The summer before she began, she was admitted as an observer at Bellevue Hospital in New York, with the intervention of family friend Horace Greeley. She began her studies at Rush in October of 1852. The following summer, Emily again was an observer at Bellevue. But Rush College decided that she could not return for the second year. The Illinois State Medical Society was strongly opposed to women in medicine, and the college also reported that patients had objected to a female medical student. So Emily in the fall of 1853 was able to transfer to the medical school at Western Reserve University in Cleveland. She graduated in February of 1854 with honors, and then went abroad to Edinburgh to study obstetrics and gynecology with Sir James Simpson.   While in Scotland, Emily Blackwell began raising money towards the hospital that she and her sister Elizabeth planned to open, to be staffed by women doctors and to serve poor women and children. Emily also traveled to Germany, Paris, and London, admitted to clinics and hospitals for further study. Work with Elizabeth Blackwell In 1856, Emily Blackwell returned to America, and began working at Elizabeth’s clinic in New York, the New York Dispensary for Poor Women and Children, which was a one room operation. Dr. Marie Zakrzewska joined them in the practice. On May 12, 1857, the three women opened the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and children, financed with fundraising by the doctors and with help from Quakers and others. It was the first hospital in the United States explicitly for women and the first hospital in the United States with an all-woman medical staff. Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell served as director, Dr. Emily Blackwell as the surgeon, and Dr. Zak, as Marie Zakrzewska was called, served as the resident physician. In 1858, Elizabeth Blackwell went to England, where she inspired Elizabeth Garrett Anderson to become a doctor. Elizabeth returned to America and rejoined the Infirmary’s staff. By 1860, the Infirmary was forced to relocate when its lease expired; the service had outgrown the location and bought a new location that was larger. Emily, a great fundraiser, talked the state legislature into funding the Infirmary at $1,000 a year. During the Civil War, Emily Blackwell worked with her sister Elizabeth on the Women’s Central Association of Relief to train nurses for service in the war on the side of the Union. This organization evolved into the Sanitary Commission (USSC). After draft riots in New York City, opposing the war, some in the city demanded that the Infirmary expels black women patients, but the hospital refused. Opening a Medical College for Women During this time, the Blackwell sisters were increasingly frustrated that medical schools would not admit women who had experience at the Infirmary. With still few options for medical training for women, in November of 1868, the Blackwells opened the Women’s Medical College next to the Infirmary. Emily Blackwell became the school’s professor of obstetrics and diseases of women, and Elizabeth Blackwell was the professor of hygiene, stressing prevention of disease. The following year, Elizabeth Blackwell moved back to England, believing that there was more she could do there than in the United States to expand medical opportunities for women. Emily Blackwell was, from that point, in charge of the Infirmary and the College continued the active medical practice, and also served as professor of obstetrics and gynecology. Despite her pioneering activities and central role at the Infirmary and College, Emily Blackwell was actually painfully shy. She had been repeatedly offered membership in the New York County Medical Society and had turned the Society down. But in 1871, she finally accepted. She began to overcome her shyness and make more public contributions to various reform movements. In the 1870s, the school and infirmary moved to yet larger quarters as it continued to grow. In 1893, the school became one of the first to establish a four-year curriculum, instead of the usual two or three years, and the next year, the school added a training program for nurses. Dr. Elizabeth Cushier, another physician at the Infirmary, became Emily’s roommate, and they later shared a house, from 1883 to Emily’s death, with a niece of Dr. Cushier. In 1870, Emily also adopted an infant, named Nanny, and raised her as her daughter. Closing the Hospital In 1899, Cornell University Medical College began admitting women. Also, Johns Hopkins by that time had begun admitting women for medical training. Emily Blackwell believed that the Women’s Medical College was no longer needed, with more opportunities for women’s medical education elsewhere, and funding was drying up as the school’s unique role also became less necessary. Emily Blackwell saw that the students at the college were transferred to Cornell’s program. She closed the school in 1899 and retired in 1900. The Infirmary continues today as NYU Downtown Hospital. Retirement and Death Emily Blackwell spent 18 months traveling in Europe after her retirement. When she returned, she wintered in Montclair, New Jersey, and summered in York Cliffs, Maine. She also often traveled to California or Southern Europe for her health. In 1906, Elizabeth Blackwell visited the United States and she and Emily Blackwell were briefly reunited.   In 1907, after leaving the U.S. again, Elizabeth Blackwell suffered an accident in Scotland which disabled her. Elizabeth Blackwell died in May 1910, after suffering a stroke. Emily died of enterocolitis in September of that year in her Maine home.

Type of a Diversification Strategy on the Part of Waitrose Research Paper

Type of a Diversification Strategy on the Part of Waitrose - Research Paper Example Waitrose is part of a strong John Lewis Partnership plc group, which is a supplier of consumer goods in the fashion, household and food markets. Company’s main focus area is the UK. Having the backing of a strong group helps not only in the form of giving it an identity but also in the form of experience, reaching out to potential customers, clubbing the marketing decisions, planning out marketing communication strategies etc. The company has been able to establish itself quite well, despite squeezing of the profit margins. The category leadership strategy, in particular, has been able to provide it with more than 5% of market share in fruit retailing and leading share of the market in some categories like Exotic Fruits. Waitrose has around 150 retail stores in the country, which can cater to a large number of its customers. The company has a good standing in the market, as is evident by the increase in sales in 2000, despite raising the prices over and above the industry aver ages. This goes on to show that loyal customers are willing to somewhat extra to have a product of Waitrose. A supportive legal position, with the Food safety act stipulating steps for ensuring safe and quality food, which in turn resulted in consolidating the positions of companies who are in the business of retailing quality items. Waitrose has been first off the block in implementing the cutting edge IT strategies. The company has been coming out with quality food publications like the Quarterly Food Illustrated, the quarterly ‘Seasons’.

Learning Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Learning Styles - Essay Example Carl Rogers said, â€Å"I am talking about LEARNING-the insatiable curiosity that drives the adolescent boy to absorb everything he can see or hear or read about gasoline engines in order to improve the efficiency and speed of his cruiser. I am talking about the student who says, â€Å"I am discovering, drawing in from the outside, and making that which is drawn in a real part of me. I am talking about any learning in which the experience of the learner progresses along this line: ‘No. no, that’s not what I want’;† Wait! This is closer to what I am interested in, what I need; â€Å"Ah, here it is! Now I’m grasping and comprehending what I need ad what I want to know!† (Rogers, 1969) Learning began the natural way which was epitomized by conducting lessons in the open environment. Natural learning can be characterized by assuming responsibilities, asking questions, seeking answers, analyzing information which leads to more questions. Learning is a process which articulates questions which have no end and a method that trains the mind to go beyond boundaries in its search for answers. This is the key to educating one without being inter dependant. Benjamin Franklin was schooled for two years but his real education and learning was his process of life which sought the creation of challenging projects with familiar objects combined with his curiosity that there always has to be an alternative use. Learning is of different styles and approaches depending upon the individual and their mental framework. Individuals absorb and process the acquired knowledge through various methods. Through sight and sound, replicating, performing, motivating logically and instinctively, analyzing and visualizing. A learner can be classified into those who utilize the acquired knowledge and make things happen and produce a result or a learner can be those who watch